Disputes are inextricably linked to international relations. International dispute settlement is concerned with the techniques and institutions which are used to solve international disputes between States and/or international organizations. Increasingly these disputes are no longer just primarily between states but also between states and other parties like international organizations and other non-state actors, and between these actors mutually. In this context the Charter of the United Nations (UN) plays a major role, in particular, regarding disputes between states. Article 2(3) of the UN Charter states that all Member States have to settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered. This view was again confirmed in 1982 in a resolution (Res. 37/10) of the UN General Assembly, the so-called Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes.
As the UN Charter does not prescribe in which way or by what means disputes need to be resolved, the parties are free to choose their international dispute settlement mechanism. In the framework of international peace and security Article 33 of the UN Charter provides a number of alternatives to choose from in resolving disputes, e.g., negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, and judicial settlement. Notwithstanding the free choice of means the Manila Declaration underlines the legal obligation of parties to find a peaceful solution to their dispute and refrain from action that might aggravate the situation. The methods and procedures of international dispute settlement also largely apply to non-state actors. These various forms of peaceful dispute settlement are the subject of this general research guide. In addition, there are research guides available on International (Commercial) Arbitration, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the International Court of Justice. Information and resources on disputes concerning foreign investment and investment arbitration can be found in the research guide on Foreign Direct Investment.
This Research Guide is intended as a starting point for research on the Settlement of International Disputes. It provides the basic legal materials available in the Peace Palace Library, both in print and electronic format. Handbooks, leading articles, bibliographies, periodicals, serial publications and documents of interest are presented in the Selective Bibliography section. Links to the PPL Catalogue are inserted. The Library's subject headings (keywords) International Dispute Settlement, Judicial Settlement of International Disputes and Pacific Settlement of International Disputes are instrumental for searching through the Catalogue. Special attention is given to our subscriptions on databases, e-journals, e-books and other electronic resources. Finally, this Research Guide features links to relevant websites and other online resources of particular interest.
Sources of international law
Treaties
Case-law
- O'Connell, M.E., International Dispute Resolution: Cases and Materials, Durham, NC, Carolina Academic Press, 2012.
- Tams, J.T. and A. Tzanakopoulos (comp.), Basic Documents on the Settlement of International Disputes, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, Hart Publishing, 2012.
Reference works
- Bercovitch, J. and R. Jackson, Conflict Resolution in the Twenty-first Century : Principles, Methods, and Approaches, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2009.
- Castillo, L. del y A.R. Laborías (dir.), Cortes y tribunales internacionales: organización, competencia, procedimiento y jurisprudencia, Buenos Aires, Astrea, 2021.
- Cohen, H.G. (et al.), Legitimacy and International Courts, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- Cohen, H.G. (et al.) (eds.), The Performance of International Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018. [E-book].
- Giorgetti, C. (ed.), The Rules, Practice, and Jurisprudence of International Courts and Tribunals, Leiden, Nijhoff, 2012.
- Mackenzie, R. (et al.), The Manual on International Courts and Tribunals (2nd ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010. [E-book].
- Menkel-Meadow, C. (ed.), Complex Dispute Resolution, Farnham, Ashgate, 2012.
- Merrills, J.G., International Dispute Settlement, New York, NY, Cambridge University Press, 2017.
- Romano, C.P.R., K.J. Alter and Y. Shany (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014.
- Schabas, W.A., and S. Murphy (eds.), Research Handbook on International Courts and Tribunals, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017.
- Tanaka, Y., The Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- Tomuschat, C. and Kohen, M. (eds.), Flexibility in International Dispute Settlement: Conciliation Revisited, Leiden, Boston, Brill Nijhoff, 2020. [E-book].
Selected books and articles
- Ahmadov, F.T. (ed.), The Right of Actio Popularis Before International Courts and Tribunals, Leiden, Brill, 2018.
- Albuquerque, P.P. de, Wojtyczek, K. (eds.), Judicial Power in a Globalized World: Liber Amicorum Vincent de Gaetano, Cham, Springer, 2019.
- Alter, K.J. (et al.), “Theorizing the Judicialization of International Relations”, iCourts Working Paper Series; Duke Law School Public Law & Legal Theory Series, 2018. [PDF]
- Alter, K.J., The New Terrain of International Law: Courts, Politics, Rights, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2014.
- Alter, K.J. (et al.) (eds.), International Court Authority, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018. [E-book].
- Alter, K.J. (et al.), “How Context Shapes the Authority of International Courts”, Law and Contemporary Problems, 79 (2016), No. 1; iCourts Working Paper Series, No. 18, 2015; Duke Law School Public Law and Legal Theory Series, No. 2015-13. [PDF]
- Amsler, L.B., J.K. Martinez, S.E. Smith, Dispute System Design. Preventing, Managing, and Resolving Conflict, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2020. [E-book].
- Andenas, M., and E. Bjorge (eds.), A Farewell to Fragmentation: Reassertion and Convergence in International Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2015.
- d'Aspremont, J., “The Control Over Knowledge by International Courts and Arbitral Tribunals” (Sept. 2017), in T. Schultz, and F. Ortino (eds.), Oxford Handbook of International Arbitration, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020. [PDF]
- Baetens, F., Legitimacy of Unseen Actors in International Adjudication, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020.
- Baetens, F., “Judicial Review of International Adjudicatory Decisions: A Cross-Regime Comparison of Annulment and Appellate Mechanisms”, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, (September 2016), pp. 1-28. [E-article]
- Becker, M.A., and C. Rose, “Investigating the Value of Site Visits in Inter-State Arbitration and Adjudication”, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 8 (2017), No. 2, pp. 219-249.
- Bernstorff, J. von, “Hans Kelsen on Judicial Law-Making by International Courts and Tribunals: A Theory of Global Judicial Imperialism?”, European Society of International Law (ESIL) Annual Conference, Oslo, 2015. [PDF]
- Beardsley, K., The Mediation Dilemma, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2011.
- Benvenisti, E., and G.W. Downs, Between Fragmentation and Democracy: The Role of National and International Courts, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2017.
- Blair, C., and E. Vidak Gojković, “WikiLeaks and Beyond: Discerning an International Standard for the Admissibility of Illegally Obtained Evidence”, ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal, 33 (2018), No. 1, pp. 235-259. [E-article]
- Blokker, N., “The Governance of International Courts and Tribunals: Organizing and Guaranteeing Independence and Accountability - A Appeal for Research”, European Society of International Law (ESIL) Annual Conference, Oslo, 2015. [PDF]
- Bogdandy, A. von, and I. Venzke, In Whose Name? A Public Law Theory of International Adjudication, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014. Boisson de Chazournes, L. (et al.), “One Size does not Fit All: Uses of Experts before International Courts and Tribunals: An Insight into the Practice”, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, Vol. 9 (2018), No. 3, pp. 477-505. [E-article].
- Bogdandy, A. von, and I. Venzke, "International Courts as Lawmakers", in R. Wolfrum and I. Gätzschmann (eds.), International Dispute Settlement: Room for Innovations?, Heidelberg, Springer, 2013, pp.161-213.
- Boschiero, N. (et al.) (eds.), International Courts and the Development of International Law: Essays in Honour of Tullio Treves, The Hague, Asser Press, 2013.
- Boisson de Chazournes, l., M.G. Kohen and J.E. Viñuales, Diplomatic and Judicial Means of Dispute Settlement, Leiden, Nijhoff, 2013.
- Brabandere, E. de.,"Non-State Actors and the Proliferation and Individualization of International Dispute Settlement", in B. Reinalda (ed.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors, Farnham, Ashgate, 2011, pp. 347-359.
- Brett, P. and L.E. Gissel, Africa and the Backlash Against International Courts, London, Zed, 2020.
- Brilmayer, L. (et al.), International Claims Commissions: Righting Wrongs after Conflict, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017.
- Brosseau, J., “The Distinction Between Arbitration and Judicial Settlement in International Law: Three Characteristics and Why They Matter Reforms”, King’s Student Law Review, 9 (2019), No. 2 (Forthcoming). In: Andrea Biondi and Giorgia Sangiuolo, (eds.), " Beyond TTIP: a new season for EU FTAs?", LAwTTIP Working Papers 2018/3, King’s College London, 17-20 October 2018, pp. 93-105. [PDF]
- Buggenhoudt, C., Common Interests in International Litigation: A Case Study on Natural Resource Exploitation Disputes, Cambridge, Intersentia, 2017.
- Carrubba, C.J., and M. J. Gabel, International Courts and the Performance of International Agreements : A General Theory with Evidence from the European Union, New York, NY, Cambridge University Press, 2015.
- Cook, K., “Judging ‘Best Available Science’: Emerging Issues and the Role of Experts”, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 9 (2018), No. 3, pp. 388-400.
- Caserta, S., International courts in Latin America and the Caribbean. Foundations and Authority, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020.
- Caserta, S., and M. Madsen, “Sociology of International Adjudication” (June 4, 2019), iCourts Working Paper Series No. 160, 2019. [PDF].
- Cohen, M., “On the Linguistic Design of Multinational Courts: The French Capture”, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 14 (2016), No. 2, pp. 490-517.
- Crawford, J., “The Place of the International Court in International Dispute Settlement”, in ibid. (et al.) (eds.), The International Legal Order: Current Needs and Possible Responses: Essays in Honour of Djamchid Momtaz, Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2017, pp. 95-116. [e-article]
- Cremona, M., A. Thies, R.A. Wessel (eds.), The European Union and International Dispute Settlement, Oxford, Hart, 2017.
- Crow, K., “A Taxonomy of Proportionality in International Courts”, iCourts Working Paper Series, No. 107 (2017). [PDF]
- Daly, T.G., “The End of Law's Ambition: Human Rights Courts, Democratisation and Social Justice”, iCourts Working Paper Series, No. 49, 2016. [PDF]
- Dawuni. K., and A. Kenyehia (eds.), International Courts and the African Woman Judge. Unveiled Narratives, New York: Routledge, 2018.
- De Baere, G. (et al.), “International Courts as Keepers of the Rule of Law: Achievements, Challenges, and Opportunities”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 48 (2016), No. 3, pp. 715-793.
- De Baere, G., and J. Wouters (eds.), The Contribution of International and Supranational Courts to the Rule of Law, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
- De Brabandere, E., ‘To The Hague!’, International Dispute Settlement from Practice to Legal Discipline, Inaugural lecture, Leiden University, February 2018. [PDF]
- Devaux, C., "Entrée en vigueur de la Convention de Singapour: de nouveaux horizons pour la médiation commerciale internationale", Journal du droit international, 147 (2020), No. 3, pp. 875-896.
- Dothan, S., International Judicial Review : When Should International Courts Intervene?, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020.
- Dothan, S., “The Motivations of Individual Judges and how They Act as a Group”, German Law Journal, Vol. 19 (2018), No. 7, pp. 2165-2188. [E-article].
- Dothan, S., International Judicial Review. When Should International Courts Intervene?, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020.
- Dothan, S., “International Courts Improve Public Deliberation”, Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 39 (2018), No. 2, pp. 217-240. [PDF].
- Dothan, S., International Judicial Review. When Should International Courts Intervene?, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020. [E-book].
- Dunoff, J.L., and M.A. Pollack, “The Judicial Trilemma”, American Journal of International Law, 111 (2017), No. 2, pp. 225-276.Follesdal, A., and G. Ulfstein (eds.), The Judicialization of International Law : A Mixed Blessing?, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018.
- Dunoff, J.L., and M.A. Pollack, “International Judicial Performances and the Performance of International Courts”, in T. Squatrito (et al.) (eds.), The Performance of International Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018. [e-article]
- Gallus, N., Temporal Jurisdiction of International Tribunals, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017.
- Greig, J.M., A.P Owsiak, and P.F Diehl, International Conflict Management, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2019.
- Giorgetti, C. (ed.), Challenges and Recusals of Judges and Arbitrators in International Courts and Tribunals, Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2015.
- Giorgetti, C., “Between Legitimacy and Control: Challenges and Recusals of Judges and Arbitrators in International Courts and Tribunals”, George Washington International Law Review, 49 (2016), No. 2, pp. 205-258. [PDF]
- Goldstone, R., “International Judges: Is there a Global Ethic?”, Ethics and International Affairs, 29 (2015), No. 3, pp. 249-258.
- Grossman, N. (et al.) (eds.), Legitimacy and International Courts, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- Hess, B., The Private-Public Divide in International Dispute Resolution, Leiden,Brill, 2018.
- Heath, C. and A.K.Sanders (eds.), Intellectual Property and International Dispute Resolution, Alphen aan den Rijn, Wolters Kluwer, 2019.
- Howse, R. (et al.) (eds.), The Legitimacy of International Trade Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- Jensen, Ø., The Development of the Law of the Sea Convention. The Role of International Courts and Tribunals, Cheltenham, Elgar, 2020.
- Johns, L., Strengthening International Courts: The Hidden Costs of Legalization, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2015.
- Kabre, R.J., Le rôle des juristes privés (avocats et conseils) dans le règlement des différends impliquant les États: étude à la lumière de la pratique devant la Cour internationale de Justice, le Tribunal international du droit de la mer, l'Organe de règlement des différends de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce, la Cour permanente d'arbitrage et les tribunaux arbitraux d'investissements, Bâle, Helbing Lichtenhahn, 2021.
- Kassoti, E, “Fragmentation and Inter-Judicial Dialogue: The CJEU and the ICJ at the Interface”, European Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 8 (2015), No. 2, pp. 21-49. [E-article] and [E-article].
- Kent, A., N. Skoutaris, J. Trinidad (eds.), The Future of International Courts : Regional, Institutional and Procedural Challenges, London, Routledge, 2019.
- Klein, N. (ed.), Litigating International Law Disputes: Weighing the Options, Cambridge New York, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
- Kornfeld, I.E., “Are International Courts the Best Adjudicators of Environmental Disputes?”, in Encyclopedia of Environmental Law: Volume II, 2016. [PDF]
- Kotuby Jr., C.T., and L.A. Sobota, General Principles of Law and International Due Process: Principles and Norms Applicable in Transnational Disputes, New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 2017.
- Kulick, A., "Let’s (Not) (Dis)Agree to Disagree!? Some Thoughts on the ‘Dispute’ Requirement in International Adjudication", Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, 19 (2020), No. 1, pp. 79-106.
- Liao, S., “Fact-Finding in Non-Appearance Before International Courts and Tribunals”, January 2018. [PDF]
- Madsen, M., “Who Rules the World? The Educational Capital of the International Judiciary”, Forthcoming in University of California Journal of International, Transnational, and Comparative Law, UC Irvine Journal of International, Transnational, and Comparative Law, Vol. 3 (2018), pp. 97-118. [E-article].
- Mani, R. and R.J. Ponzio, "Peaceful Settlement of Disputes and Conflict Prevention", in: T.G. Weiss and S.Daws (eds.), The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 396-419.
- Meernik, J.D., K.L. King, Judging justice : How Victim Witnesses Evaluate International Courts, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2019.
- Moraga Mejías, M.A., Jurisdicción Internacional : Teoría General : Tribunales Internacionales y Tribunales de Integración, Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2019.
- Odermatt, J., “Patterns of Avoidance: Political Questions Before International Courts”, International Journal of Law in Context, Vol. 14 (2018), No. 2, pp. 221-236. [E-article].
- Olsen, H.P., “International Courts and the Doctrinal Channels of Legal Diplomacy”, Transnational Legal Theory, Vol. 6 (2015), No. 3-4, pp. 661-680. [E-article].
- Owada, H., and S.H. Chang, "International Dispute Settlement", in: S.Chesterman, H. Owada, and B.Saul (eds.),The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Asia and the Pacific, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 267-294.
- Paine, J., “International Adjudication as a Global Public Good?”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 29 (2018), No. 4, pp. 1223–1249. [E-article].
- Pantaleo, L.,The Participation of the EU in International Dispute Settlement: Lessons from EU Investment Agreements, Cham, Springer, 2019. [e-book]
- Pauwelyn, J., “Defenses and the Burden of Proof in International Law”. Forthcoming in L. Bartels and F. Paddeu (eds.), Exceptions in International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017. [PDF]
- Pauwelyn, J., and R.J. Hamilton, “Exit from International Tribunals”, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 9 (2018), No. 4, pp. 679-690. [E-article]
- Peat, D., Comparative Reasoning in International Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2019.
- Powell, E.J., Islamic Law and International Law: Peaceful Resolution of Disputes, New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 2020. [e-book]
- Rasilla, I. de la, and J.E. Viñuales (eds.), Experiments in International Adjudication: Historical Accounts, Cambridge, Cambidge University Press, 2019.
- Reisman, W.M., and M.H. Arsanjani, “Legal Decisions and their Implementation in International Law”, in J. Crawford (et al.) (eds.), The International Legal Order: Current Needs and Possible Responses: Essays in Honour of Djamchid Momtaz, Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2017, pp. 149-161. [e-article].
- Ridi, N., “‘Mirages of an Intellectual Dreamland’? Ratio, Obiter, and the Textualization of International Precedent”, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, Vol. 10 (2019), No. 3. pp. 361–395. [E-article].
- Romano, C.P.R., “International Judicialization in the Arab World: An Initial Assessment”, iCourts Working Paper Series, No. 49, 2016. [PDF]
- Shany, Y., Questions of Jurisdiction and Admissibility before International Courts, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
- Squatrito, T. (et al.) (eds.), The Performance of International Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- Seibert-Fohr, A., “The Independence of Judges and their Freedom of Expression: An Ambivalent Relationship” (April 19, 2019). [PDF]
- Shaffer, G.C., “A Tragedy in the Making?: The Decline of Law and the Return of Power in International Trade Relations”, Yale Journal of International Law Online, 2018; UC Irvine School of Law Research Paper No. 2018-64. [PDF]
- Schultz, T., and F. Ost, “Shakespearean Legal Thought in International Dispute Settlement”, 2017. [PDF]
- Schultz, T., and N. Ridi, "Comity and International Courts and Tribunals", LawArXiv (April 29, 2018). [E-article]
- Singh, P., “Revisiting the Role of International Courts and Tribunals”, in P. Singh and B. Mayer (eds.), Critical International Law: Postrealism, Postcolonialism, and Transnationalism, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014.
- Soave, T., “The Politics of Invisibility: Why Are International Judicial Bureaucrats Obscured from View?”, Book Project, Conference on the Legitimacy of Unseen Actors in International Adjudication (The Hague, 26 and 27 October 2017). [PDF]
- Squatrito, T. (et al.) (eds.), The Performance of International Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge, Cambrdige University Press, 2018.
- Stadler, A., E. Jeuland, V. Smith (eds.), Collective and Mass Litigation in Europe. Model Rules for Effective Dispute Resolution, Cheltenham, Elgar, 2020. [E-book].
- Strong, S.I., “General Principles of Procedural Law and Procedural Jus Cogens”, Penn State Law Review, 122 (2018 Forthcoming); University of Missouri School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2017-20. [PDF]
- Swinehart, M.W., “Reliability of Expert Evidence in International Disputes”, Michigan Journal of International Law, 38 (2017), No. 2, pp. 193-243.
- Tabbara, A., Les actions de groupe dans le contentieux international, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2020.
- Tomuschat, C. and M. Kohen (eds.), Flexibility in International Dispute Settlement: Conciliation Revisited, Leiden, Brill Nijhof, 2020.
- Tomuschat, C., Pisillo Mazzeschi, R. and Thürer, D., Conciliation in International Law: the OSCE Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, Leiden, Boston, Brill Nijhoff, 2017. [e-book]
- Tzeng, P., "A Strategy of Non-Participation before International Courts and Tribunals", Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, 19 (2020), No. 1, pp. 5-27
- Wass, J., “Jurisdiction by Estoppel and Acquiescence in International Courts and Tribunals”, British Yearbook of International Law, 86 (2017), pp. 155-195.
- Wehberg, H, The Problem of an International Court of Justice (transl. by C.G. Fenwick), Oxford, Clarendon, 1918 (2nd printing, Clark, NJ, The Lawbook Exchange, 2010).
- Wiik, A., Amicus Curiae Before International Courts and Tribunals, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2018.
- Wind, M. (ed.), International Courts and Domestic Politics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018. [E-book].
- Wittke, C., Law in the Twilight : International Courts and Tribunals, the Security Council, and the Internationalisation of Peace Agreements Between State and Non-state Parties, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018. [E-book].
- Wolfrum, R. and I. Gätzschmann (eds.), International Dispute Settlement: Room for Innovations?, Heidelberg, Springer, 2012.
- Wolfrum, R., "Advisory Opinions: Are they a Suitable Alternative for the Settlement of International Disputes?", in R. Wolfrum and I. Gätzschmann (eds.), International Dispute Settlement: Room for Innovations?, Heidelberg, Springer, 2013, pp. 35-67.
- Zang, M.Q., Judicial Engagement of International Economic Courts and Tribunals, Cheltenham, Elgar, 2020. [E-book]
Periodicals, serial publications
- Emory Journal of International Dispute Resolution
- Journal of International Dispute Settlement
- Judicial Settlement of International Disputes
- Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals
- McGill Journal of Dispute Resolution (Open access)
- Studies and Materials on the Settlement of International Disputes
- Transnational Dispute Management: Table of Contents
Bibliographies
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, Sociological Approaches to International Adjudication, by Salvatore Caserta, Mikael Rask Madsen.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, International Adjudication as Governance, by Shai Dothan.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, International Courts and Tribunals, Non-Appearance, by Matthias Goldmann.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, Domestic Law in International Adjudication, by Jarrod Hepburn.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, Judicial Propriety: International Adjudication, by Alina Kaczorowska-Ireland.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, International Courts and Tribunals, Chambers, by Ruth Mackenzie.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, Transnational Legal Process and International Adjudication, by Mary Ellen O’Connell, Sawyer White.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Judgments of International Courts and Tribunals, Interpretation of, by Karin Oellers-Frahm.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, by Alain Pellet.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes, by Alain Pellet.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, International Law and Domestic (Municipal) Law, Law and Decisions of International Organizations and Courts, Jörg Polakiewicz.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, Codes of Conduct for International Judges, by Anja Seibert-Fohr.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, Effectiveness of International Adjudication, by Yuval Shany.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, International Courts and Tribunals, Procedure, by Jean-Marc Sorel, Lena Chercheneff.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, International Courts and Tribunals, by Christian Tomuschat.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Nationality Cases before International Courts and Tribunals, Seline Trevisanut.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, International Courts and Tribunals, Evidence, by Rüdiger Wolfrum, Mirka Möldner.
Databases
- iCourts (Danish National Research Foundation's Centre of Excellence for International Courts)
- iCourt Finder
- iCourts Database of International Court Decisions
- PluriCourts - Centre for the Study of the the Legitimacy of International Courts and Tribunals
- PluriCourts - Research data on International Courts
- Cambridge University Press: Studies on International Courts and Tribunals
- iCourts Working Paper Series
- Pluricourts: Research Data on International Courts
- Oxford University Press: International Courts and Tribunal Series
- United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, Lecture Series on Courts and Tribunals
- United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, Lecture Series on Peaceful Settlement of Disputes