A number of preliminary problems arise in any attempt to identify 'International Environmental Law' as there is no distinctive body of this law with its own sources and methods of law-making deriving from principles peculiar or exclusive to environmental concerns. It is rather the application of rules and principles of general international law to environmental problems. International environmental law is part of international law as a whole, not a separate, self-contained discipline.
Environmental law is a complex body of law made up of global, international, national, state and local statutes, treaties, conventions, regulations and policies which seek to protect the environment affected, impacted or endangered by human activities. The most important issue at this moment is climate change. Countries have recognized that climate change presents an ever growing threat to development, poverty eradication efforts, security and the welfare of their citizens. Many political and military leaders around the world are now calling climate change the most serious threat to national security in the 21st century. Climate change has been called 'perhaps the world's most fearsome weapon of mass destruction'.
This Research Guide is intended as a starting point for research in the field of International Environmental Law. It provides the basic legal materials available in the Peace Palace Library, both in print and electronic format. Handbooks, leading articles, bibliographies, periodicals, serial publications and documents of interest are presented in the Selective Bibliography section. Links to the PPL Catalogue are inserted. The Library's subject heading (keyword) International Environmental Law is instrumental for searching through the Catalogue. Special attention is given to our subscriptions on databases, e-journals, e-books and other electronic resources. Finally, this Research Guide features links to relevant websites and other online resources of particular interest.
Sources of international law
Treaties
- Andresen, Steinar, et al. International Environmental Agreements : An Introduction. Routledge, 2012.
- Birnie, Patricia W., and Alan Boyle. Basic Documents on International Law and the Environment. Clarendon Press, 1995.
- Boisson de Chazournes, Laurence. Protection Internationale de L’environnement. Nouv. éd., remise à jour et augm, Editions A. Pedone, 2005.
- Cullet, Philippe, and Alix Gowlland-Gualtieri. Key Materials in International Environmental Law. Ashgate, 2004.
- Dommen, Caroline, and Philippe Cullet. Droit International de L’environnement : Textes de Base et Références. Kluwer Law International, 1998.
- Hohmann, Harald. Basic Documents of International Environmental Law. Graham & Trotman, 1992.
- Lammers, J. G., and T.M.C. Asser Instituut, Instituut voor Internationaal Privaat- en Publiekrecht, Internationale Handelsarbitrage en Europees Recht (Den Haag). International Environmental Law, 1997. T.M.C. Asser Instituut, 1997.
- Molitor, Michael R. International Environmental Law : Primary Materials. Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1991.
- Prieur, Michel, et al. Recueil Francophone Des Textes Internationaux En Droit de L’environnement. Bruylant, 1998.
- Protection de La Nature. Direction des Journaux officiels, 1990.
- Sand, Peter H., editor. International Environmental Agreements. An Elgar Research Collection, 2019.
- Sands, Philippe, and Paolo Galizzi. Documents in International Environmental Law. 2nd [rev. and updated] ed, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
- Sands, Philippe, and Richard G. Tarasofsky. “Principles of International Environmental Law / II, Documents in International Environmental Law,, Manchester University Press, 1994.
- Scovazzi, Tullio, et al. World Treaties for the Protection of the Environment. Istituto per l’ambiente, 1992.
- Weiss, Edith Brown, et al. International Environmental Law : Basic Instruments and References. Transnational Publishers ; Transnational, 1992.
Case-law
- Misonne, Delphine, and Marie-Sophie De Clippele, editors. Les grands arrêts inspirants du droit de l’environnement. Larcier Intersentia, 2024.
- Robb, Cairo A. R., and Daniel Bethlehem. “International Environmental Law Reports / Vol. 1, Early Decisions.” International Environmental Law Reports, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Robb, Cairo A. R., and Daniel Bethlehem. “International Environmental Law Reports / Vol. 2, Trade and Environment.” International Environmental Law Reports, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- Robb, Cairo A. R., and Daniel Bethlehem. “International Environmental Law Reports / Vol. 3, Human Rights and Environment.” International Environmental Law Reports, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- Robb, Cairo A. R., et al. “International Environmental Law Reports / Vol. 4, International Environmental Law in National Courts / Ed. By Alice Palmer and Cairo A.R. Robb.” International Environmental Law Reports, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
- Robb, Cairo A. R., et al. “International Environmental Law Reports / Vol. 5, International Environmental Law in International Tribunals / Ed. By Karen Lee.” International Environmental Law Reports, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
UN Declarations and Resolutions
The resolutions and decisions of the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council may provide valuable information on environmental issues. Although they cannot themselves constitute international law or serve as conclusive evidence of a rule of customary law, such resolutions do have value in providing evidence of existing or emerging law. This point of view has been acknowledged by the International Law Commission.
As every Member State has been recognized and has a vote in the UN General Assembly, finding General Assembly resolutions that passed unanimously or near-unanimously may serve as an excellent starting point in the legal research process. Pay attention to the language of the resolution. Those with firm obligations versus those that are merely aspirational or advisory in nature are more likely to be considered valuable as evidence of customary international law.
→ Official Document System Search. ODS is the UN's Official Document System. You can search for UN declarations, resolutions and other documents by keywords, then narrow your search.
→ Start Your Research: (7) Resolutions and Decisions of International Organizations.
Soft law
Reference works
- American Bar Association Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources. International Environmental Law : The Practitioner’s Guide to the Laws of the Planet. Edited by Roger Romulus Martella and J. Brett Grosko, ABA, Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources, 2014.
- Boyle, Alan E., et al. Birnie, Boyle & Redgwell’s International Law and the Environment. Fourth edition, Oxford University Press, 2021.
- Bodansky, Daniel, and Harro van Asselt. The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law. Second edition, Oxford University Press, 2024.
- DiMento, Joseph F. The Global Environment and International Law. 1st ed, University of Texas Press, 2003.
- Dupuy, Pierre-Marie, and Jorge E. Viñuales. International Environmental Law. Second edition, Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- Hunter, David, et al. International Environmental Law and Policy. 4th ed, Thomson Reuters/Foundation Press, 2011.
- Kerbrat, Yann and Sandrine Maljean-Dubois, Editors, The Transformation of International Environmental Law, Pedone ; Hart, 2011.
- Louka, Elli. International Environmental Law : Fairness, Effectiveness, and World Order. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- Naseem, Mohammad, and Saman Naseem. International Environmental Law. Kluwer Law International B.V., 2018.
- Sand, Peter H., editor. The History and Origin of International Environmental Law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
- Weiss, Edith Brown. International Law for the Environment. West Academic Publishing, 2016.
Recent books and peer-reviewed articles
- Calster, G. van, and L. Reins (eds.), The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: A Commentary, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021.
- Dam-de Jong, D. and B. Sjöstedt (eds.), Research Handbook on International Law and Environmental Peacebuilding, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023.
- Dessler, A.E., Introduction to Modern Climate Change, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022.
- Ebbesson, J. and E. Hey (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of the Sustainable Development Goals and International Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022.
- Heyvaert, V., and L.A. Duvic-Paoli, Research Handbook on Transnational Environmental Law, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020.
- Lothian, S.L., Marine Conservation and International Law: Legal Instruments for Biodiversity beyond National Jurisdiction, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.
- Mayer, B., International Law Obligations on Climate Change Mitigation, First Edition, Oxford; New York, Oxford University Press, 2022.
- Nagtzaam, G., E. Van Hook D. Guilfoyle, International Environmental Law : A Case Study Analysis, Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge, 2020.
- Olmos Giupponi, M.B., International Environmental Law Compliance in Context : Mechanisms and Case Studies, London, Routledge, 2021.
- Rayfuse, R. (ed.), Research Handbook on International Marine Environmental Law, Second Edition, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023.
- Sindico, F, et al. (eds.), Research Handbook on Climate Change Litigation, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024.
- Trombetta, Maria Julia, editor. Handbook on Climate Change and International Security. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023.
- Verschuuren, J. (ed.), Research Handbook on Climate Change Adaptation Law, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.
For all peer-reviewed articles in the PPL Catalogue, click here.
Periodicals, serial publications
- Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law
- Buffalo Environmental Law Journal
- Carbon & Climate Law Review
- Climate Law
- Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy
- Colorado Natural Resources, Energy & Environmental Law Review
- Comparative Environmental Law & Policy Series
- Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum
- Ecology Law Currents
- Ecology Law Quarterly
- Electronic Green Journal
- Environmental Affairs
- Environmental Claims Journal
- Environmental Law and Practice Review
- Environmental Law Review of Eastern & Central Europe
- Environmental Policy and Law
- Environment & Policy
- Environnement
- European Energy and Environmental Law Review
- European Environmental Law Review
- Fordham Environmental Law Review
- Georgetown International Environmental Law Review
- Global Environmental Law Annual
- Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal
- Harvard Environmental Law Review
- Hastings Environmental Law Journal
- International Environmental Agreements : Politics, Law and Economics
- International Environmental Law and Policy Series
- International Environmental Law Reports
- IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper
- Journal of Environmental and Sustainability Law
- Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law
- Journal of Human Rights and the Environment
- Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy
- Journal of Law and the Environment
- Macquarie Journal of International and Comparative Environmental Law
- Natur und Recht : Zeitschrift für das Gesamte Recht zum Schutze der Natürlichen Lebensgrundlagen und der Umwelt
- McGill International Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy
- Missouri Environmental Law & Policy Review
- Natural Resources and Environment
- New York University Environmental Law Journal
- New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law
- Pace Environmental Law Review
- Review of European Community and International Environmental Law
- San Diego Journal of Climate & Energy Law
- South African Journal of Environmental Law and Policy
- Sustainable Development Law & Policy
- Transnational Environmental Law
- Umweltrecht in Forschung und Praxis
- Virginia Environmental Law Journal
- William & Mary Environmental Law & Policy Review
- Yearbook of European Environmental Law
- Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development
- Yearbook of International Environmental Law
Bibliographies
Dictionaries
- Climate Change Law Collection [More info]
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Environment, International Protection, by U. Beyerlin and J. Grote Stoutenburg.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Conservation of Natural Resources, by U. Beyerlin and V. Holzer.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Earth Charter (2000), by K. Bosselmann.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Precautionary Approach/Principle, by M. Schröder.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Sustainable Development, by U. Beyerlin.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Climate, International Protection, by P.J. Sands and I. Millar.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Clean Development Mechanism, by P.J. Sands and I. Millar.
- Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Biological Diversity, International Protection, by N. Matz-Lück.
- Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law, by M. Faure.
- Center for International Environmental Law
- ECOLEX
- European Union Action to Fight Environmental Crime
- Guide to World Environmental Law, by Hieros Gamos
- International Environmental law: Electronic Research Guide, by Anne Burnett
- Basic Guide to International Environmental Legal Research, by Heidi Frostestad Kuehl
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCC Documents
- 1992 – 2021. UN Climate Talks, Council on Foreign Relations